合(he)同(tong)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),有廣(guang)義(yi)和(he)狹義(yi)兩種(zhong)含(han)義(yi)。廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)是(shi)指(zhi)合(he)同(tong)內容(rong)和(he)主(zhu)(zhu)體發生變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。所(suo)謂主(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),是(shi)指(zhi)以新的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體取代(dai)原(yuan)合(he)同(tong)關系的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體,即(ji)新的(de)(de)債(zhai)權人(ren)、債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)代(dai)替原(yuan)來的(de)(de)債(zhai)權人(ren)、債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren),但合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)內容(rong)并(bing)沒有發生變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。此種(zhong)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),通常(chang)(chang)稱(cheng)之為(wei)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)轉讓。合(he)同(tong)內容(rong)的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)乃(nai)是(shi)狹義(yi)的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),它是(shi)指(zhi)在合(he)同(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)立以后,尚未履(lv)(lv)行或尚未完全履(lv)(lv)行以前,當事人(ren)就合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)內容(rong)達成(cheng)(cheng)修改和(he)補(bu)充(chong)的(de)(de)協議。通常(chang)(chang)所(suo)講的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),指(zhi)的(de)(de)是(shi)狹義(yi)的(de)(de)合(he)同(tong)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),即(ji)合(he)同(tong)內容(rong)的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)。
把握合(he)(he)同(tong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)這一(yi)概念,應當(dang)(dang)注意以(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)問題:(1)從(cong)原則(ze)上(shang)(shang)(shang)說(shuo)(shuo),合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)必須經當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人雙方(fang)協商(shang)一(yi)致(zhi),并(bing)(bing)在原來合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)達成新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協議(yi)。任何一(yi)方(fang)不得未(wei)經過對(dui)方(fang)同(tong)意,無(wu)正當(dang)(dang)理由擅自(zi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)合(he)(he)同(tong)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)。當(dang)(dang)然(ran),這并(bing)(bing)非意味著合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)只(zhi)能(neng)由約(yue)定產(chan)生(sheng)。事(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),在一(yi)些(xie)特殊情形(例如(ru)重大誤解(jie))之(zhi)下(xia),法律賦予了(le)當(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)人解(jie)除合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權利。(2)合(he)(he)同(tong)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),是(shi)(shi)指合(he)(he)同(tong)關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua),也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)合(he)(he)同(tong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)原合(he)(he)同(tong)關系(xi)(xi)做某些(xie)修改和補充(chong),而(er)不是(shi)(shi)對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)。如(ru)果對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)進行了(le)全部(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),則(ze)實(shi)(shi)際上(shang)(shang)(shang)導致(zhi)原合(he)(he)同(tong)關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消滅(mie),產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)。合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心內(nei)容(rong)(rong),因(yin)此,如(ru)果合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua),事(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)(shi)原合(he)(he)同(tong)關系(xi)(xi)已經消滅(mie),產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)。(3)合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng),也(ye)會產(chan)生(sheng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)債權債務關系(xi)(xi)。事(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)是(shi)(shi)指在保(bao)留原合(he)(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)質內(nei)容(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)個(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)關系(xi)(xi),而(er)變(bian)(bian)(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)之(zhi)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)債權債務關系(xi)(xi)仍繼(ji)續生(sheng)效。
【相關(guan)依據】
中(zhong)華人民共和國合同法[19990315]
第七十七條 當事人協商一致,可以(yi)變更合同(tong)。
法律、行政法規規定變更合同應(ying)當辦(ban)理(li)批(pi)準、登記等(deng)手續(xu)的,依照其規定。